(revised and renumbered 9/06/2005)
1. Also involved are Lactobacillus casei and acidophilus and Actinomyces viscosus and naeslundii but the primary culprit is S. mutans. (also s. gordonii , salivarius and s. sobrinus. 27, 28 )
2. http://www.dent.ucla.edu/ce/caries/
3. http://www.alpharx.com/sm.html (link defunct 11-11-2003. Archived.)
4. http://www.aibs.org/.../may.96.mouth.html
5. http://microota.nutr.med.tokushima-u.ac.jp/foodmicro/jp/gallery/01.html
6. Microbiol Rev. 1980 Jun;44(2):331-84. Biology, immunology, and cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans. Hamada S, Slade HD.
7. Loesche WJ. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Rev1986: 50: 352 380.
8. http://www.arches.uga.edu/~aralph/
9. nyu.edu - "The term 'facultative' is used to describe organisms which can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen - that is, they can generate ATP via respiration if oxygen is present or by fermentation if oxygen is absent or insufficient. Such organisms are usually referred to as 'facultative anaerobes'."
10. ohio-state.edu - Fermentation is defined as an energy releasing process that takes place only under anaerobic conditions. Fermentation is a process where enzymes produced by the bacteria control an anaerobic (non oxygen) breakdown of fructose as an energy source for growth.
11. http://www.lsic.ucla.edu/.../21Digestive.html
12. http://www.google.com/search?q=sucrose+s.+mutans
13. http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/543glucose.html
14. http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/543fructose.html
15. http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/548HFsyrup.html
16. http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=polymerization
17. http://www.life.umd.edu/...Chapter25.htm
18. http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/Structure
19. http://www.dent.ucla.edu/pic/members/microbio/mdphome.html
"Plaque can be defined as a complex microbial community, with greater than 10^10 bacteria per milligram. It has been estimated that as many as 400 distinct bacterial species may be found in plaque. In addition to the bacterial cells, plaque contains a small number of epithelial cells, leukocytes, and macrophages. "
20. http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/BSCI223WebSiteFiles/Lecture23Chapter25.htm | X | X
21. http://www.google.com/search?q=fluoride+decreases+demineralization
22. http://www.google.com/search?q=fluoride+increases+remineralization
23. http://www.google.com/search?q=element+fluorine
24. http://www.google.com/search?q=fluorine+halogens
25. http://www.google.com/search?q=ionic+compounds
26. http://www.webelements.com/
27. http://www.google.com/search?q=fluoride+inhibit+enolase
28. http://www.fluoridedebate.com/question23.html
29. http://www.google.com/search?q="fluoride+pills"
30. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=fluoride+weakened+bones
31. http://www.google.com/search...fluoride+lowered+IQ
32. http://www.google.com/search...fluoride+cancer
33. http://www.google.com/search?q=fluoride+thyroid+dysfunction
34. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=fluoride+anemia
35. http://www.google.com/search?q=fluoride+liver+disease
36. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=fluoride+heart+disease
37. http://www.fluoridealert.org/downs-syndrome.htm
38. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=fluoride+atomic+bomb
39. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/living/MensHealth/menshealth_40.html
40. Pediatr Dent 2000 Sep-Oct;22(5):381-4 Microbial contamination of toothbrushes and their decontamination. Nelson Filho P, Macari S, Faria G, Assed S, Ito IY.
42. http://www.usatoday.com/life/health/doctor/lhdoc139.htm (defunct)
43. http://www.germterminator.com
44. http://www.nih.go.jp/JJID/LEC-94.html
45. J Clin Periodontol 2000 Mar;27(3):157-61 Effect of an essential oil-containing antiseptic mouthrinse on plaque and salivary Streptococcus mutans levels. Fine DH, Furgang D, Barnett ML, Drew C, Steinberg L, Charles CH, Vincent JW
46. http://dentistry.about.com/b/a/138747.htm#more
47. http://homepage.mac.com/tikimac/tudhope/glossary/preservation.htm
48. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Biotene+mouthwash
49. http://www.voyle.net/Nano%20Research%20200/research00137.htm
50. http://www.skepticfiles.org/evolut/fostooth.htm
51. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=hydroxyapatite
52. http://dentistry.uic.edu/CraniofacialGenetics/ResearchTED.htm
53. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre
54. http://www.fitmouth.com/framesets/main%20pages/controlling_dental_plaque.htm
55. http://dentistry.about.com/health/dentistry/library/...
56. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=antimicrobial+agents
57. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=lactoferrin
58. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=lactoperoxidase
59. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=lysozyme
60. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=Lactoferrin+streptococcus+mutans
61. http://jdr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/2/480
62. http://www.pure-milk-calcium.com/Toothpaste.htm
63. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=Eco-DenT+Tooth+Powder
64. http://www.microbio.uab.edu/faculty/michalek/
65. http://main.uab.edu/show.asp?durki=25357
66. Childers NK, Tong G, Mitchell S, Kirk K, Russell MW, Michalek SM (1999). A controlled clinical study of the effect of nasal immunization with a Streptococcus mutans antigen alone or incorporated into liposomes on induction of immune responses. Infect. Immun. 67(299.9999223):618-623.
67. Childers NK, Tong G, Li F, Dasanayake AP, Kirk K, Michalek SM (2002). Humans immunized with Streptococcus mutans antigens by mucosal routes. J Dent Res 81(3699.018):48-52.
68. Li F, Michalek SM, Dasanayake AP, Li Y, Kirk K, Childers NK (2003). Intranasal immunization of humans with Streptococcus mutans antigens. Oral Microbiol Immunol 18(5):271-7.
69. http://www.planetbiotechnology.com/
70. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=placebo+definition
71. http://www.qualitydentistry.com/htopics/vaccine/
72. http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9804/29/tooth.decay/
73. Plant Cell Rep (2004) 22:711-720. http://www.springerlink.com/...43V50UEY1RAVF5KJ.pdf (PDF)
74. http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/396_bone.html
75. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_enamel
76. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersaturated
77. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate
78. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH
79. http://www.google.com/search?q=amelogenins
80. http://www.usc.edu/h...vol5/502/hscdental.html
81. http://www.google.com/search?q=enamel+remineralization
82. http://www.fitmouth.com/framesets/main pages/reversing_decay.htm
83. http://www.armandhammer.com/mybody/body_tips.asp
84. http://www.umich.edu/news/?Releases/2005/Aug05/r080405
85. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&q=ReCaldent
86. http://www.fitmouth.com/framesets/main%20pages/controlling_dental_plaque.htm
87. http://depts.washington.edu/nacrohd/pilot_mroberts.htm
88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?...=11991460&dopt=Citation
89. http://www.philkaplan.com/thefitnesstruth/artificial_sweeteners.htm
90. http://users.hol.gr/~jelian/articles/caries.htm
91. Caries Risk Assessment and Management in the Dental Office. Draft by W. Stephan Eakle, based on D1 course handout May 2002.
92. http://www.contactpakistan.com/health/general/article11.htm
93. http://www.boston.com/globe/columns/foreman/archive/102301.htm
94. http://www.atcc.org/...ba,5244327,31501&text=mutans&max=20
95. http://www.mgscientific.com/store/group.asp?GROUP_ID=1607
96. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/22/14434
97. http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch013.htm
98. http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap21.html
99. http://www.cehs.siu.edu/fix/medmicro/strep.htm
100. http://medicine.ucsd.edu/NizetLab/streptococcipage/streptococci.html
101. http://www.dentalcomfortzone.com/archive/AntibioticsHeartInfection.html
102. http://www.google.com/search?q=subacute+bacterial+endocarditis
103. http://www.bios.niu.edu/hill/bios213/lecture20.html
104. http://www.delphion.com/details?pn10=US04150116
105. http://www.delphion.com/details?pn10=US05352446
106. http://www.delphion.com/details?pn10=US04324782
107. http://www.agd.org/
108. http://www.agd.org/consumer/topics/decay/kissing.html
109. http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9902/14/pucker.up/
110. http://www.virginiasmiles.com/html/dentalnews/04contagious.html
111. Newbrun, Ernest, "Preventing dental caries: breaking the chain of transmission" The Journal of the American Dental Association, June 1993, pp. 79-86
112. Slavkin HC, "First encounters: transmission of infectious oral diseases from mother to child" The Journal of the American Dental Association 128 (6), 1997, pp. 773-778.
113. Kohler et al., "Preventive measures in mothers influence the establishment of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans in their infants," Archives of Oral Biology 28 (3), 1983, pp. 225-232).
114. http://iadr.confex.com/...abstract_31697.htm
115. http://www.wellnessdentalcare.com/Library.html
116. http://www.msnbc.com/news/356289.asp?cp1=1
117. http://tooldoc.wncc.nevada.edu/dental.htm
118. http://www.google.com/search?q=fresh+fruit+caries
119. http://www.tidbitspuzzles.com/4-8-03.htm
120. Price, Weston. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration. See chapter 22, table 2, for a summary. See also Kennedy, How to Save Your Teeth, pp. 2-3.
121. hyperdictionary - Dextran is a polysaccharide (chain of simple sugars) composed of glucose (a type of simple sugar) monomers (units of a polymer, such as a polysaccharide), used as a means of storing food by bacteria and yeasts. When dextrans are formed out of sucrose (another type of sugar) by bacteria in the mouth, it makes dental plaque.
122. http://members.tripod.com/~charles_W/tooth.html
123. The estimation of more S. mutans in your mouth than S. sobrinus is based on the use of a MS-bacitracin plate, which inhibits S. sobrinus to a greater extent than S. mutans. Therefore, the actual incidence of S. sobrinus may be higher than currently supposed.
124. Tanzer JM &Clive J. Quantitative considerations in microbiological evaluations for caries: risks for type II errors resulting from use of MSB agar. Oral Microbiol Immunol1986: 1: 28 30.
125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/......pt=Abstract
126. http://www.fitmouth.com/...reversing_decay.htm
127. http://www.biochem.wisc.edu/research/enz_mech_struc.html
128. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/bact-dis.htm
129. http://www.create-your-healthy-home.com/bacteria.htm
130. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar131. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/S/sugarcan.html
132. http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/english/su/sugar.html
133. http://home1.gte.net/res0k62m/fluoride.htm#price"There is dramatic evidence regarding the civilized diet's pernicious influence on teeth, and especially refined sugar. Wherever Western civilization has made its appearance over the past several centuries, tooth decay and other health problems have followed in its wake. In the 1930s, Weston Price journeyed to earth's last remaining 'primitive' civilizations. Price studied primitive civilizations and what happened to them when introduced to the 'civilized' diet. On the average, the 'primitive' peoples exposed to civilized diets experienced a 3500% (thirty-five times) increase in tooth decay, of the fourteen cultures he studied. Their dental arches also degenerated, leading to crowded teeth."
134. http://research.amnh.org/vertpaleo/enamel/schmelz.html
134. http://www.crucible.org/oils_chemistry.htm"In 1985, Dr. Jean C. Lapraz said he couldn't find bacteria or viruses that could live in the presence of the essential oils of cinnamon or oregano. He found many other oils displaying the same qualities."
135. http://dentistry.about.com/...how+deep+do+toothbrushes+clean
136. http://biology.kenyon.edu/...streptococcus.htm?name=Streptococcaceae
137. http://www.microbio.uab.edu/faculty/michalek
138. Initial acquisition of mutans streptococci by infants: evidence for a discrete window of infectivity http://jdr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/72/1/37
139. Poor oral health and coronary heart disease
http://jdr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/75/9/1631140. Bacterial adhesion to oral tissues: a model for infectious diseases
http://jdr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/5/750150. Effect of radiation-induced xerostomia ( dry mouth ) on human oral microflora. Cariogenic microorganisms gained prominence at the expense of noncariogenic microorganisms in concert with the saliva shutdown. These changes occurred before the onset of clinical caries irrespective of whether or not a topical fluoride gel was used as a caries preventive.
http://jdr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/4/740151. Colonization of the human oral cavity by a Streptococcus mutans mutant producing increased bacteriocin. In two of the three subjects, total (indigenous plus JH1005) S. mutans levels were significantly decreased. The results provide additional support for the role of bacteriocin production as an ecological determinant in colonization by S. mutans.
http://jdr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/6/1092152. Microbiological aspects of the chemical control of plaque and gingivitis. Antimicrobial agents, delivered either by mouthrinse or toothpaste, can be used to maintain plaque at levels compatible with oral health by (a) reducing existing plaque, (b) preventing the formation of new plaque, (c) selectively inhibiting those particular bacteria that are associated with disease, and (d) inhibiting the expression of virulence determinants.
http://jdr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/71/7/1431153. PDF. A Caries Vaccine? Caries Res 2004;38:230-235.
154. http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/...Extthfrm.htm
155. http://www.forces.org/evidence/pharma/appendix.htm "Cavity fighter: Planet Biotechnology, a California firm, is growing antibodies in tobacco plants that could be used to fight tooth decay if used in toothpastes or mouthwashes. ... Tobacco an ideal subject for genetic research," Gail Gibson, Lexington (KY) Herald-Leader, 2/27/2000
156. JA Weintraub. Pit and fissure sealants in high-caries-risk individuals. J Dent Educ. 65(10): 1084-1090 2001. "There is good evidence that sealants can be used efficaciously and effectively in high-risk children as long as the sealant is retained. Sealants are more effective in preventing further caries and providing cost savings in a shorter time span if placed in children who have high rather than low caries risk."
157. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?...q=CaroRx&btnG=Search
158. http://www.pano.com/Corporate/Executives...
159. http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2003/jul/lcprofile1_030714.html Volume 17 | Issue 14 | 45 | Jul. 14, 2003
160. http://www.planetbiotechnology.com/products.html#carorx
161. http://www.aromaticsage.com/GYRDT.html
162. Chlorhexidine induces DNA damage in rat peripheral leukocytes and oral mucosal cells
DA Ribeiro, AP Bazo, CA da Silva Franchi, ME … - Journal of Periodontal Research, 2004 - Volume 39 Issue 5 Page 358
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